The report explores the potential for nuclear energy to enter a new phase of global expansion amid growing energy security and climate change challenges. It examines the current state of the nuclear sector and the outlook for its capacity and investment through 2050, drawing on an analysis of policy scenarios, technology costs, and financing structures. It also identifies the conditions required to make nuclear energy a safe, affordable, and low-emissions option, including innovation, workforce development, and supply chains. While noting renewed interest in nuclear energy as electricity demand grows, the report highlights the uneven nature of this momentum and the concentration of new projects in emerging economies, particularly China. It emphasizes that nuclear energy’s future remains an optional pathway, contingent on countries’ ability to pursue it with flexibility and institutional credibility.