This study explores the future of research and innovation in Oman in the context of Vision 2040, examining how this sector can serve as a strategic lever for economic diversification and on knowledge- and innovation-driven development. It adopts an analytical methodology combining interpretive review and prospective assessment, drawing on official policy documents and relevant academic literature. The analysis identifies structural shortcomings manifested in low spending on research and development relative to GDP, deficiencies in Oman's research and innovation infrastructure, weak integration between academic institutions and the business sector, and the absence of mechanisms to align research with labour market requirements. Accordingly, the study proposes alternative pathways based on strengthening the national innovation system through transformative governance models and tripartite partnerships as prerequisite for a knowledge- and innovation-driven state.