This research paper aims first to track the various stages of the demographic transition in Algeria and to monitor the most important features of the future demographic fabric of Algerian society as a sample of the demographic reality of Arab societies, in addition to surveying projections and future scenarios for an aging population. Secondly, we study some features and characteristics of the elderly population in Algeria in order to assess their future needs and most important challenges and to identify ways of ensuring social security and health service needs of the aging population are met, given the decline of the role of the traditional family system constituting the mainstay of support for the elderly in our society and in Arab societies in general.